What are the two types of planning mentioned in the text?

The reference to strategic and long-range planning highlights the importance of setting a clear vision and direction for an organization over an extended period. Strategic planning involves defining long-term goals and the overall strategy to achieve them, taking into account the organization's mission, values, and external environment. It focuses on where the organization wants to be in the future, aligning resources and efforts to reach those aspirations.

Long-range planning complements this by extending the time frame further out, often looking at a five to ten-year horizon or even beyond. This type of planning is essential for anticipating changes in the environment, assessing risks, and preparing to adapt to future challenges. By combining both strategic and long-range planning, organizations can ensure they are not only focusing on immediate needs but also positioning themselves for sustained success over time.

The other options provided refer to different concepts within the framework of planning but do not encompass the comprehensive approach to future organizational direction that strategic and long-range planning offer.